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α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
Abstract This paper examines the state of the single market in the European Union (EU) for pharmaceuticals. As with other products, the EU has adopted a number of institutions and policies to encourage integration and the free movement of goods. Over time, member states are more similar in the availability of pharmaceutical products, as well as in the patents that protect them. New pharmaceuticals are generally available sooner and in more EU members. However, there are large differences in the number and mix of products across member states. Because the pricing of pharmaceuticals remains a national competence, price variation also persists—though this may be desirable from a social welfare standpoint.