Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
This paper investigates the impacts of competition structures on firms’ incentives for adopting strategic environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR) certified by a Non-Governmental Organization. We show that, to induce firms to adopt certified ECSR, the certifier will set a standard lower than the optimal one, and the standard in Cournot competition is higher than that in Bertrand competition. Finally, we show that firms and consumers benefit from firms’ certified ECSR.