Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
This paper analyses extrapolation and inference using tax experiments in dynamic economies when shock processes are latent regime-shifting Markov chains. Belief revisions result in severe parameter drift: Response signs and magnitudes vary widely over time despite ideal exogeneity. Even with linear causal effects, shock responses are non-linear, preventing direct extrapolation. Analytical formulae are derived for extrapolating responses or inferring causal parameters. Extrapolation and inference hinges upon shock histories and correct assumptions regarding potential data generating processes. A martingale condition is necessary and sufficient for shock responses to directly recover comparative statics, but stochastic monotonicity is insufficient for correct sign inference.