Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
This paper attempts to provide a logical overview of the literature which exploits survey data to examine issues of expectations formation and risk aversion in financial markets. Our survey suggests that: short term expectations are excessively volatile and exhibit bandwagon effects, while longer term expectations appear to be regressive and therefore stabilising; in bond and foreign exchange markets the standard result of forward rate biasedness is due in part to time‐varying premia; recent research using disaggregate foreign exchange survey data demonstrates the importance of heterogeneous expectations.