Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
In this study, we find a negative effect of unexploded ordnance (UXO) on the geographical density of foreign direct investment and large firms in Vietnam. A 1 % increase in the proportion of UXO-contaminated areas leads to a 0.69 % relative decrease in the density of FDI firms within districts. Point estimates for the elasticity of the density of joint-venture FDI firms and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) due to UXO are smaller, equal to -0.56 and -0.36. Moreover, we also find that a 1 % increase in the proportion of UXO-contaminated areas leads to a 0.38 % relative decrease in the intensity of nighttime light.