Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
This paper examines spatial equilibrium in political competition when established parties choose their platforms competitively while rationally anticipating entry of a vote-maximizing third party. The resulting equilibrium is substantially different from the Hotelling "median" equilibrium. Established parties are spatially separated and third parties will generally lose the election. This provides one theoretical explanation for the stability of two-party systems, namely that non-cooperative behaviour between established parties can effectively prevent third parties from winning.