Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
Trading systems differ in their degree of transparency, here defined as the extent to which marketmakers can observe the size and direction of the current order flow. The authors investigate whether greater transparency enhances market liquidity by reducing the opportunities for taking advantage of uninformed participants. They compare the price formation process in several stylized trading systems with different degrees of transparency: various types of auction markets and a stylized dealer market. The authors find that greater transparency generates lower trading costs for uninformed traders on average, although not necessarily for every size of trade. Copyright 1996 by American Finance Association.