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α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
We study a supply chain relationship in which the buyer outsources production of a component to the supplier. The buyer also produces a component and combines it with the supplier's input to yield the final output. The supplier can upgrade production of his input via costly innovation. Neither the supplier's effort for innovation nor the result of the innovative activity can be publicly verified. We show that, when the cost of innovation is large, the buyer's optimal contract may induce ‘wasting’ a fraction of the supplier's input.