Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
Our central proposition is that monitoring costs increase with physical distance, and hence, direct investments located further from the foreign investor's home base should be more likely formed as joint ventures. Tests on a data set of Taiwanese direct investments in Mainland China provide robust support to the hypothesis. A project that was located 1000 kilometers further away was 13--17% more likely to be formed as a joint venture. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.