Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
Cross-country differences in austerity, defined as government purchases below forecast, account for 75% of the observed cross-sectional variation in GDP in advanced economies during 2010–2014. Statistically, austerity is associated with lower GDP, lower inflation and higher net exports. A multi-country DSGE model calibrated to 29 advanced economies generates effects of austerity consistent with the data. Counterfactuals suggest that eliminating austerity would have substantially reduced output losses in Europe. Austerity was so contractionary that debt-to-GDP ratios in some countries increased as a result of endogenous reductions in GDP and tax revenue.