Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
A model M is said to encompass another model N if the former can explain the results obtained by the latter. In this paper, we propose a general notion of encompassing that covers both classical and Bayesian viewpoints and essentially represents a concept of sufficiency among models. We introduce the parent notion of specificity that aims at measuring lack of encompassing. Tests for encompassing are discussed and the test statistics are compared to Bayesian posterior odds. Operational approximations are offered to cover situations where exact solutions cannot be obtained.