Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
Some mutual funds act as contrarian traders, earning returns in the stock market by providing liquidity, while others demand liquidity and suffer costs of immediacy. The funds’ liquidity demand has increased over time. On average, the mutual funds’ costs of immediacy exceed their returns from providing liquidity by 1.9% pa. High market beta funds, large cap funds, and funds exposed to momentum suffer over 2.5% pa. in costs of immediacy. Other results are that mutual funds’ average alpha becomes insignificant when the costs of immediacy are accounted for and in the cross-section, the funds’ costs of immediacy predict their alphas.