Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
The paper examines whether differences in the nature of competition between manufacturing and service activities are reflected by similar differences in EC competition. The two differences between manufacturing and services which are mainly emphasized are local versus global competition and regulatory controls. The paper finds that the implementation of EC competition policy instruments has differed significantly between manufacturing and services in terms of both the time profile and the type of instrument. It also finds that the conflicts between competition, industrial, and trade policies are generally far greater in manufacturing than in services because trade-offs between competition and competitiveness are less likely in the latter. Copyright 1993 by Oxford University Press.