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α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
Women's years of school enrollment and health, measured by longevity, have increased by a greater amount than men's in this century in most countries. Private and social returns to schooling and health are reviewed to explain these trends in women's human capital. Sample selection bias caused by analyses of only wage earners does not appear to lower women's private returns to schooling relative to men's. Social returns to education, moreover, favor greater public investment in women than men, particularly in South and West Asia and Africa where school investments in women are much less than in men.