Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
Holmstrom (Bell J Econ 13:324–340, 1982 ) argues that a principal is required to restrain moral hazard in a team: wasting output in certain states is required to enforce efficient effort, and the principal is a commitment device for the waste. Under competition in commodity and team-formation markets, I extend his model à la Prescott and Townsend (Econometrica 52(1):21–45, 1984 ) to show that competitive contracts can exploit the futures market to transfer output across states instead of wasting it. Thus, the futures market takes the place of a principal as a commitment device. Exploiting the duality of linear programming, I characterize the market environment and the contractual agreements for incentive-constrained efficiency. Copyright Springer-Verlag 2012