Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
This article uses a data set from the World Economic Forum that quantitatively captures nonexistent or scarce data to test the relationship between trade openness and market access. In recognition of the diversity and range of trade openness measures, this article uses five different openness measures and one measure of market access comprising public institutions, the regulatory environment, and network industries. This article finds that all three components matter and that better market access leads to greater trade openness in both nominal and real terms.