Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
According to the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA), Automobile manufacturers use 40% of steel to make the body structure, 23% to make engines and gears, and 12% for suspensions. We untangled the perceived inextricable connections between crude oil, steel, the US dollar, and stocks of Toyota, Daimler, and Volkswagen as the automobile firms with the largest capitalization by using the time series daily data from 1998 to 2023. We used an augmented version of the Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) connectedness approach, which is based on the Time-Varying Parameter Vector Auto-regression (TVP-VAR) approach as introduced by Antonakakis et al. (2020). Findings suggested that Volkswagen, Daimler, and Toyota are more affected by shocks in steel prices than by USD and oil price shocks, with a spillover of 9%, 11.72%, and 8.72% respectively from steel. The next transmitter is USD, which contributes 4.94%, 6.37% and 3.96% of shocks to Volkswagen, Daimler, and Toyota stocks, and the third variable is the oil price shocks, which contributes 4.25%, 5.41% and 3.50% of spillover effects to Volkswagen, Daimler, and Toyota stocks, respectively. This shows the heterogeneous responses of automobile stocks with the highest capitalization and sales to the error variances transmitted from steel, USD as well as oil. Most notably, overall steel is a net transmitter and USD as net receiver in TYP-VAR system for Toyota and Daimler and can therefore be used as a diversifier. Our findings are impactful for the shareholders as well as portfolio managers for risk reduction and efficient portfolio management.