Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
In this study, we quantify the impacts of economic fundamentals and derivative market speculation on the real price of crude oil. Using a structural VAR with sign restriction, we determine that oil demand from the US and China, particularly the latter one, plays a crucial role in oil price changes after the year 2000. The contribution of speculation does not exceed 10% of oil price variations in our sample period.