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α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
Over many decades, energy markets have seen a variety of new technologies with the potential of replacing existing practices for providing conventional fossil fuels. Unlike synthetic fuels during the 1970s or hydrogen during the 2000s, however, hydraulic fracturing for producing natural gas shale resources has had a dramatic impact because it has been cost effective. This article describes a model-comparison effort organized by Stanford's Energy Modeling Forum and provides a brief overview of the principal findings by individual modeling teams that participated in the study.