Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 includes the creation of a value-added tax (VAT), the enactment of domestic energy price reforms, and the deployment of renewable energy. We assess these policy measures’ effects on macroeconomic variables using a dynamic general equilibrium model of the Saudi economy. We find that energy price reforms deliver long-run welfare gains that are more than 20% of current consumption, the greatest among the three measures. Introducing a VAT generates welfare gains of up to 4.3% of current consumption. The welfare effects of renewable energy deployment are sensitive to the selected financing scheme. If financing for renewables comes from a reduction in government consumption or transfers to households, no welfare gains are realized. Jointly implementing all three policies increases real gross domestic product (GDP) by 5%, reduces real non-oil GDP by up to 1.8%, and increases welfare by 23.5%–32.4%.