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α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
Energy communities (ECs) with photovoltaic (PV) installations can reduce their collective electricity costs by sharing self-generated power among members. This paper presents a comprehensive framework to address key challenges such as rooftop sharing, heterogeneous ownership structures, and electricity trading protocols. We propose the Weighted Constrained Equal Awards (WCEA) mechanism’s proportional and fair allocation rule that distributes the benefits of internal energy trade. Unlike existing approaches, the WCEA accommodates diverse ownership arrangements and varying consumption patterns. This “fair-unequal” protocol promotes both the formation and long-term stability of ECs and is robust to strategic manipulation. We evaluate the WCEA using high-frequency metering data in a Monte Carlo simulation. Results indicate that a sufficiently large PV system can reduce median energy costs by up to 65%. Enabling peer-to-peer energy trading yields additional savings: approximately 2.5% when consumption patterns are similar, and up to 11% when they are highly heterogeneous. Moreover, shared PV generation reduces reliance on grid electricity, offering ancillary benefits to the distribution network. However, large-scale PV installations may also stress the grid due to temporal mismatches between generation and consumption. These findings suggest that policy incentives should prioritize installations that currently satisfy less than half of the prosumers’ energy demand.