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α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
We investigate the extent and evolution of the links between energy markets using a broad data set consisting of a total of 17 series of prices for commodities such as electricity, natural gas, coal, oil and carbon. The results shed light on a number of relevant issues such as the volatility spillover effect in energy markets (within and across sectors) and the identification of those markets that are exporters (importers) of volatility to (from) other markets, as well as evidence of the time-varying nature of these effects. The main conclusions are: (i) the most integrated European electricity markets appear to be those of Germany, France and the Netherlands; (ii) the Dutch Title Transfer Facility might be on the way to becoming the benchmark price for natural gas in Europe, and (iii) natural gas may be replacing crude oil as the global benchmark price for energy commodities.