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α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
Amidst the growing global concern about climate change, societies have taken increased interest in corporations’ output of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily CO2. Our study examines the direct and indirect effect of carbon emissions on firm value. We document that, in the European context, corporate carbon emissions are negatively associated with a company’s market valuation. Moreover, we find that CO2 emissions reduce the relevance of earnings (i.e., for high-polluting firms, earnings are less relevant for market valuation). Additionally, we show that the results are driven by Scope 1 emissions, not by Scopes 2 and 3. Finally, we establish that the country-level formal and informal institutions shape these effects.