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α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
Many researchers assess the impact of provider market structure and market power on outcomes such as price. These studies use a variety of measures of structure and power, ranging from ad hoc measures often based on census boundaries to structural measures derived from economic models of provider-payer bargaining. We explain the shortcomings of ad hoc measures, and, through a series of "horse races" show that one leading structural measure, the "willingness to pay," is a consistently better predictor of prices.