Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
A new measure is introduced to analyze the mechanism and extent of appraisal bias of residential property. The primary source of bias identified is in the weights appraisers assign to selected comparable transactions after adjusting for observable attributes. This unequal weighting results in an additional 23% of appraised values being at least equal to contract price. Appraisers were also more likely to bias appraised values for the properties associated with loan officers and real estate brokers they worked with more frequently. These findings offer insights into how appraisers confirmed ever increasing prices leading in to the housing market crash and subsequent Great Recession.