Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
We show that the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), from its inception in the 1930s, did not insure mortgages in low income urban neighborhoods where the vast majority of urban Black Americans lived. This pattern emerged before the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) drafted its infamous maps. In contrast, the HOLC itself broadly loaned to core urban neighborhoods and to Black homeowners. We conclude that the mechanisms through which the HOLC's maps could have affected the geographic scope of mortgage lending were likely quite limited. The FHA instead evaluated neighborhoods using block-level information developed in the 1930s and other data, rather than on the basis of the HOLC maps.