Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
Decision-making processes are studied using non-standard all-pay structures. Our interest is motivated by regulatory, political, legal, military, and economic applications in which individual actions determine the consequences for a larger group or the general public. The common features of these examples are a competitive environment, a winner-takes-all reward structure, and some form of all-pay-all payment rule. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014