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α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
The euro-area financial crisis that erupted in 2009 was marked by negative confidence effects that had significant ramifications for euro area banking systems. As a result, bank lending declined sharply. We investigate the effects of ECB policies on banks’ lending, taking account of national and regional spillovers. The results suggest that those policies were important for rebuilding confidence, thus supporting bank lending in the euro area.