Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
The authors extend the standard Downsian framework to suppose that voters consider the identity of each candidate's supporters when deciding whom to support, rather than considering only the announced policy positions of the candidates. In particular, they posit the existence of a class of voters whose support for a candidate reduces support by some other voters for that candidate. The authors' most important result concerns the conditions under which the addition to the electorate of new voters on one side of the policy spectrum shifts the equilibrium toward the opposite direction. The model can explain why enfranchisement of blacks did not immediately help the election of liberal candidates. Copyright 1998 by Kluwer Academic Publishers