Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
Consumer arbitrage affects international pricing in several ways. If all consumers face the same arbitrage costs, a monopolists profit increases with arbitrage costs, and world welfare declines with them (if output does not rise). If arbitrage costs differ across consumers, a monopolist may sell in a second country even if there is no local demand--it can use the second country to discriminate across consumers in the first country. Again, world welfare typically falls with arbitrage costs. When there is also local demand in the second country, world welfare may be increasing in arbitrage costs, even if output falls. Copyright 1999 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.