Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
This paper is the first to explicitly test for the presence of a trade-off between static and dynamic efficiency and a trade-off between vertical economies and competition in a regulated industry, the electricity industry. We show for 16 European countries over the period 1998–2008 that higher electricity end-user prices in a country subsequently lead to larger aggregate investments in the capital stock, i.e. in generation, distribution and transmission assets. Moreover, there is a trade-off between vertical economies and competition. Ownership unbundling and forced access to the incumbent transmission grid increases competition but come at the cost of lost vertical economies. Generally, we find that regulation that affects only the market directly, like the establishment of a wholesale market or free choice of suppliers, increases aggregate investment. Regulation, however, that adversely affects the incumbent directly, like ownership unbundling, decreases aggregate investment spending.