Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
We analyze whether landlocked regions are systematically poorer, using panel data for 1527 regions in 83 nations from 1950 to 2014 and exploiting within-country-time variation. Lacking ocean access decreases regional GDP/capita by ≈13%. Specifically, coastal distance matters but not the length of coastline. Exploring moderators, national political institutions appear irrelevant while increasing international trade and manufacturing intensifies the landlockedness curse within the same country and year. However, transport-related infrastructure may be able to alleviate these disadvantages.