Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
We consider a model in which a regulator determines the level of an activity – which is harmful to society – beyond which an agent will pay a fixed fine. We show that the regulator adopts a random punishment scheme under certain conditions in order to minimize harm. The results may help to solve the puzzle of why vague enforcement policies are implemented by competent governments even when tough enforcement is possible and costless.