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α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
Abstract We review all of the main developments that have influenced the way in which antitrust has been enforced in Europe in the last 25 years. We also provide a detailed quantitative description and assessment of the evolution of enforcement in Europe with the use of a unique dataset that is utilized for the first time: all DGCOMP antitrust decisions in the period 1992–2016. Further, we examine and offer explanations as to why there is still significant divergence in the approach to antitrust enforcement between the EU and other mature jurisdictions—particularly in the enforcement of Article 102.