Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
This paper documents whether enacting a strict voter identification law could affect voter turnout and election outcomes. It uses historical data on more than 2,000 races in Florida and Michigan, which both allow and track ballots cast without identification. Results indicate that at most only 0.1% and 0.3% of total votes cast in each state were cast without IDs. Thus, even under the extreme assumption that all voters without IDs were either fraudulent or would be disenfranchised by a strict law, such a law would have only a very small effect on turnout and election outcomes.