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α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
We examine the heterogeneous wage effects of E-Verify adoption on natives and immigrants by industry and skill level using a Difference-in-Differences model. The results suggest that immigrant workers in low-skilled occupations (e.g. manual laborer, low-skill services, and craft workers) in the manual industry experience a decrease in wages after E-Verify adoption, while immigrant workers who are high school graduates and those that have clerical and sales positions in the service and retail trade industries experience a wage increase. We find insignificant changes in the wage level of native workers of all skill levels. E-Verify did not effectively improve the wage level of native workers because the impacts seem to be absorbed by immigrant workers.