Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
In this study, the determinants of product innovation by West German firms operating in the metal industry are investigated. A strong positive impact of imperfect competition on innovative activity is estimated. Aside from competition and barriers to entry, factors like the ownership structure of a firm, internal finance, and the skill level of the workforce are considered. One result is that firms led by hired managers tend to innovate less intensively than owner-managed enterprises. Copyright 1989 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.