Score contribution per author:
α: calibrated so average coauthorship-adjusted count equals average raw count
This paper is a case study of the impact of CO2 emissions target setting. We empirically investigate the targets set during the Kyoto Protocol period using a convex nonparametric least squares system, quantile regressions, and a comprehensive data set of 125 countries. Our findings reveal CO2 marginal abatement costs, which: (1) are significantly higher for target setting countries; (2) increase over the sample period; (3) and are an order of magnitude greater than the prevailing emissions pricing mechanisms. The results provide insights into the consequences of policies to curb unwanted by-products in a regulated system and shed light on the price efficiency of carbon markets. Furthermore, we contribute to the debate on emission reduction standard-setting and highlight the importance of shadow price estimates when regulating market instabilities in an emission trading scheme.